The S&P 500, or Standard & Poor’s 500, is a prominent stock market index that monitors the performance of 500 large-cap companies listed on U.S. stock exchanges. This index provides a broad representation of the U.S. stock market and is regarded as a dependable indicator of overall market performance. As one of the most recognized benchmarks for the U.S. equity market, the S&P 500 is often viewed as a proxy for the general health of the U.S. economy.

The S&P CoreLogic Case-Shiller U.S. National Home Price NSA Index is a key indicator of the U.S. housing market. This index provides essential insights into the real estate sector's health and has important implications for the wider economy, policymakers, and investors.

Safe haven currencies are those expected to maintain or appreciate in value during times of significant global distress, such as geopolitical tensions. The U.S. dollar (USD), Japanese yen (JPY), and Swiss franc (CHF) are recognized as safe-haven currencies. In periods of uncertainty, investors often seek refuge in one or more of these currencies.

The Sahm Rule is an informal economic measure that has proven effective in predicting recessions in the United States. Developed by Claudia Sahm, an American economist, this rule provides a straightforward method for detecting the onset of a recession, primarily through fluctuations in unemployment rates. The Sahm Rule was created as part of her policy proposal to automatically distribute stimulus checks to families as soon as a recession begins. Although its original intent was not to forecast recessions, it is now utilized to identify downturns earlier than traditional assessments.

The Saint Helena Pound (SHP) serves as the official currency for the British Overseas Territory of Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha. This currency is pegged to the British Pound Sterling (GBP) at a one-to-one exchange rate, indicating that one Saint Helena Pound is equivalent to one British Pound. The issuance and management of the Saint Helena Pound are overseen by the Saint Helena Government and the Bank of Saint Helena.

Sam Bankman-Fried, often referred to as SBF, is an American entrepreneur recognized for establishing and managing the cryptocurrency exchange FTX and the cryptocurrency hedge fund Alameda Research.